Moussa Sanogo holds a degree as a Statistician Economist Engineer, earned in 1999 from the National School of Statistics and Applied Economics (ENSEA) in Abidjan. Prior to that, he completed preparatory classes for French Grandes Écoles (Mathématiques Supérieures and Mathématiques Spéciales) at the Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB) in Yamoussoukro.

He has extensive experience at the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), where he developed strong expertise in various areas including macroeconomic analysis, monetary and financial programming, economic forecasting, econometrics, and national accounts analysis.

From May 2, 2017, until July 19, 2017, he served as Advisor to the Prime Minister, in charge of macroeconomic affairs. He was then appointed Secretary of State to the Prime Minister, in charge of the Budget and State Holdings, and subsequently confirmed as Minister to the Prime Minister, in charge of the Budget and State Holdings on September 4, 2019. On August 3, 2020, he became Minister of the Budget and State Holdings, a role he continues to hold, having been reappointed on April 6, 2021, in the government of Prime Minister Patrick Achi.

In March 2021, Moussa Sanogo was elected Member of Parliament for the commune of Touba, under the banner of the Rassemblement des Houphouëtistes pour la Démocratie et la Paix (RHDP).